New Testament: Timeline

4 B.C.E.: King Herod dies.

4 B.C.E. - 6 C.E.: Jesus of Nazareth born.

6 C.E.: Judea officially becomes a Roman province.

26-28 C.E.: John the Baptist starts his ministry.

28-30: Jesus of Nazareth starts his ministry.

30-33: Jesus of Nazareth crucified.

37: Saul converts to Christianity and changes his name to Paul. He travels the Roman Empire founding Christian communities and writing letters. The Christians of the Roman Empire, because of their refusal to worship or believe in the myriad gods of Rome, were branded 'atheists' and persecuted for the next few centuries. The Jews had a similar problem, but they had been around for longer and the pagans were more accustomed to their ways. For a variety of reasons, Christianity quickly spreads across the Roman Empire despite the varying degrees of persecution.

50-58: Paul writes 1 Thessalonians, Galatians, 1 Corinthians, Philemon, Philippians, 2 Corinthians, Romans. These are letters to the Christian communities in Thessalonica (Greece), Galatia (modern Turkey), Corinth (Greece), Philippi (Greece), and Rome. Philemon was sent to Paul's friend Philemon (somewhere in modern Turkey).

66-70: The Jewish Revolt. The Jews fight for independence from Roman rule. Lots of Jews and Romans die. The Jews capture Jerusalem and destroy all the Roman offices and paperwork (and, therefore, the majority of the historical evidence for Jesus' existence). Titus, future emperor of Rome, lays siege to Jerusalem in 70 C.E. After 7 months, the Romans capture Jerusalem and destroy the Second Temple. Tens of thousands of Jews killed, exiled or sold into slavery across the Empire.

70s: An unknown author writes The Gospel of Mark; the names of the gospels were assigned in the second century onwards, once the Christians became aware that multiple gospels existed.

70s/80s: James written.

80s: Colossians written by an unknown author and attributed to Paul.

80s/Early 90s: The Gospel of Matthew and Luke-Acts written. The authors of Matthew and Luke-Acts, working independently, expand on the story of Jesus using both Mark and a lost document, called Q by scholars, as source material. Luke-Acts was later split into two separate books: The Gospel of Luke and The Acts of the Apostles.

90s: Hebrews written by an unknown author; Augustine and Jerome would attribute it to Paul around 400 C.E.
The Gospel of John, as we have it now, was finished; it was contains older and newer material; it was edited and expanded over several years.
Ephesians written by an unknown author and attributed to Paul.
Revelations might have been written later, in the first few decades of the 2nd century, but most scholars agree that it was written no earlier than 90 C.E.

100-120: Jude, 1 John, 2 John, 3 John, 2 Thessalonians, 1 Peter, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Titus written by unknown authors

120-150: 2 Peter was the last of the canonical New Testament books to be written.

132-136: The Bar Kokhba Revolt. Another revolt against Rome leaves the Romans tired of Jewish rebellions; they slaughter hundreds of thousands of Jews, destroy hundreds of towns and villages. Judaism was banned until Emperor Hadrian's death in 138; Jewish scholars persecuted. Judea renamed Palestine. The city of Aelio Capitolina built on the ruins of Jerusalem, and the Jews are forbidden from entering it. Most of the surviving Jews are scattered across the Roman Empire.

The Jewish Christians didn't take part in the revolt because they believed that Jesus, not Simon Bar Kokhba, the leader of the independence campaign, was the Messiah. However, they were still banned from Aelio Capitolina, persecuted, and scattered across the Empire. The Jewish Christians that ended up in Arabia would lay the foundations for the new religion that would rise to dominance centuries later: Islam.

313: Emperor Constantine tells everyone to be nice to Christians. Constantine became increasingly fond of Christianity, and increasingly contemptuous of paganism, over the course of his life. He became the first Christian emperor. Early in his reign he prohibited the construction of new pagan temples, while towards the end of his reign he ordered pagan temples to be destroyed and villages razed to the ground.

325: Christian Bishops gather at the Council of Nicaea to discuss theology and create the Nicene Creed.

361-363: Julian the Apostate is the final pagan emperor of Rome. He tries to restore traditional proper Roman values to the Empire; Julian thought that Christianity, a strange religion originating in the Middle East, would be the end of the Roman Empire. #RomeFirst

380: Emperor Theodosius makes Christianity the state religion of the Roman Empire.


Sources:
'Zealot' by Reza Aslan
A Chronological New Testament
Wikipedia for Julian the Apostate and Constantine (I know it's unreliable, but it'll do for now).